Last program we talked about upper respiratory problems in the newborn foal and neonatal maladjustment syndrome.  Today we are going to discuss lower respiratory problems in the newborn foal.  The most common problem is aspiration pneumonia which is actually due to an upper respiratory problem.  Many times this occurs due to neurological dysfunction because of neonatal maladjustment related to a lack of oxygen at birth.  Dr. T.D. Byars indicates premature foals may have immature lung development due to a lack of surfactant.  Surfactant aids in keeping the small air sacs in the lungs open so gas exchange can occur.  In these foals, mechanical ventilation is usually required to help these foals breathe.  However, foals that have an infection should not be ventilated due to the negative effect on heart function.  The use of cortisone to stimulate surfactant production has not been shown to increase survival.  Pneumonia is the major disease of the respiratory tract in foals and antibiotics are indicated as well as antifungal drugs in foals that do not respond.  Some of these foals will need intensive care with oxygen and anti-inflammatories.  Pleuropneumonia, which is infection in the space around the lungs, is uncommon in foals.  However, if this occurs, the fluid must be removed with a needle.  Fractured ribs are another

Respiratory conditions that usually occur with difficult births can lead to lung and heart damage.  Ultrasound and palpation can determine the extent of the fracture.  Although surgery is sometimes required, most of these foals will heal with stalling and supportive care.