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Meningiomas are found in the meninges, the membrane tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The meningioma in this diagram is shown over the cerebrum, the largest part of the brain.

The Most Common Brain Tumor of Dogs and Cats

The idea that someone we care about has a brain tumor is virtually unthinkable; yet, sometimes it must be considered. Meningioma is probably the most common cause of seizures in dogs over six years of age. It helps us to know our enemy and there is a fair amount to know about this tumor. The meningioma tumor accounts for approximately 50% of all brain tumors in dogs and up to 85% in cats.

The meninges are the membranes that line the skull and vertebral column, effectively surrounding the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord. Often the words "brain tumor" lead us to conjure an image of a growth deep and inaccessible inside the brain, but this is not what a meningioma is. Because the meningioma is a tumor of the meninges (the outer membranes) these tumors grow from the skull inward. This makes them much more accessible surgically, depending on their size, than you might have at first thought.

Meningiomas are generally benign, meaning that they do not create cancer. They do not spread to other areas of the body or invade and destroy tissue local to them. These tumors are problematic as there is a limited amount of space within the skull. The brain and its bath of cerebrospinal fluid take up almost all the room and when a tumor begins to grow, the brain tissue is compressed. Inflammation can result leading to more swelling and soon nerves of the brain are damaged.

Meningioma Signs

In dogs, seizures are the most common sign. In cats, signs are vaguer and consist of listlessness and behavior changes.

The following signs have been reported with meningiomas, largely depending on the brain area involved:

• Walking in circles
• Blindness
• Dragging toes
• Drunken gait.

Meningioma Characteristics

• While there are meninges surrounding both the brain and spinal cord, meningeal tumors almost always arise in the meninges around the brain. (About 14% of canine meningiomas and 4% of feline meningiomas involve the spinal cord.)
• Meningiomas are classified based on the different cell types they involve. Different types have different growth rates.
• Meningiomas are usually benign in that they do not spread to other body areas.
• Oddly, meningiomas contain high numbers of progesterone receptors. In dogs, the number of progesterone receptors a meningioma contains correlates to more aggressive progression. This means that anti-progesterone medications may be helpful. In cats, there is no such correlation. Anti-progesterone therapy is still under investigation at this time.
• 95% of canine meningiomas occur in dogs over seven years of age. Most affected cats are over the age of 10 years.
• Dogs with long noses (particularly collies) seem to be predisposed.
• In cats, meningiomas tend to have a more rubbery texture than in their canine counterparts. This makes the feline tumor a bit easier to remove.
• In dogs, most meningiomas occur in the front of the skull. This is where the olfactory lobes (which control the sense of smell) are located. Altered sense of smell may easily lead to a behavior change or appetite change.

What Kind of Testing is Done for a Possible Brain Tumor?

A basic blood panel, and urinalysis if possible, is the foundation for virtually every medical workup as this will help assess the patient’s general health. Obviously, it is important to identify if there are any other problems to contend with but it is worth pointing out that routine blood work cannot confirm a brain tumor.

Chest radiographs are important to screen for cancer spread. Often, brain tumors are the result of the spread of a malignancy that developed somewhere else. In one study, 55% of brain tumors had not started in the brain but had spread there from some other location.

CT Scan of Dog Head

CT scan of a dog's skull with a meningioma. Image of this dog's brain shows a large tumor located in the right cerebral hemisphere. The left hemisphere is normal. Image courtesy of Dr. William Thoma

The central test for a brain tumor is imaging of the brain: either CT (sometimes called CAT scan) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). These techniques allow imaging of the brain so that the tumor can be located specifically and distinguished from areas of blood clots or inflammation. Radiographs simply cannot penetrate the skull bone and it is only since these more advanced technologies have become available that imaging the brain is possible. The MRI is preferred over CT as it can better identify fluid build-up, swelling, cysts, bleeding, and other subtle soft tissue changes inside the brain.

Treatment

Medication

If the goal is palliation, in other words just keeping the pet comfortable and minimizing seizures, prednisone can be used to relieve swelling in the brain tissue and anti-seizure medication such as phenobarbital or potassium bromide can be used to control seizures. Prednisone is surprisingly effective in shrinking a meningioma simply by decreasing tumor blood flow. In one study the tumor’s blood volume was 21% reduced within 24 hours of beginning prednisone. Eventually, the tumor will grow too big to respond to these tactics but for a time they are usually effective (3-6 months survival in one study).

A more definitive therapy involves surgical removal of the tumor and/or radiation therapy, both very expensive treatments.

Surgery

As noted earlier, in cats meningioma is an easier tumor to remove than it is in dogs. Most cats do well with surgery and mortality is low. As the tumor has benign behavior in cats, generally speaking survival rates are good. In one study, 71% were alive 6 months after surgery, 66% were alive one year after surgery and 50% were alive two years after surgery. Approximately one cat in five will have a tumor recurrence within 27 months.

The story is a bit different in the dog where the tumor is less well defined. Canine tumors tend to be more invasive into the surrounding brain and it is hard for the surgeon to tell where to cut (approximately 1/3 of canine meningiomas infiltrate normal brain tissue). That said, a study published in March of 2022 by A.K. Forward et al looked at outcomes for 101 dogs having meningioma surgery and found that 94% survived to go home and a median survival time was 386 days. (Approximately 50% died in the first year, 25% survived 1-2 years, and 15% survived 2-3 years). These are very optimistic statistics.

A piece of equipment called an ultrasonic aspirator seems to be improving the situation. This piece of equipment has a vibrating tip that breaks up tissue and then suctions it away, making for less bleeding and less swelling. In one study, meningiomas removed with this piece of equipment showed a 42-month median survival time.

Different types of meningiomas are associated with different postoperative survival times. Surgery enables the tumor tissue to be not only removed, thereby treating the disease, but enables tissue sampling which can be used to get a better sense of prognosis in a given dog.

Radiation

There are many different schedules used for radiation treatments: some weekly, some daily, some on alternate days. Radiation can be done instead of surgery or in combination with surgery. Which protocols yield the longest survival times is not clear. Currently, the philosophy on treatment is that a combination of surgery plus radiation yields the best results for dogs. Cats seem to do so well with surgery that recommendations lean away from radiation.

Radiosurgery

Radiosurgery involves using a focused dose of radiation to a well-defined target in the brain, effectively cutting a deep lesion away. Instead of using one radiation beam, several beams are focused on the target such that the path of each beam through the brain is not damaged but the target where all the beams come together is destroyed. This technique is called stereotactic radiosurgery and uses either an adapted linear accelerator (a LINAC) or a Gamma Knife, as is done in human brain tumor surgery. This procedure is particularly attractive as it is a one-time treatment rather than a series of radiation treatments. The tumor must be small (less than one inch in diameter) for this type of treatment to work, and currently, only a few facilities offer it.

Chemotherapy

For chemotherapy to be effective against brain tumors, the drugs used must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier, the biological shield that protects the brain from metabolic changes in the body reflected in the bloodstream. Only a few medications are available and results have been unexciting in cats and possibly promising in dogs. This area of oncology is rapidly progressing so you or your veterinarian may wish to seek the advice of a veterinary oncologist regarding the best treatment for your pet.

Autologous Tumor Lysate Immunotherapy 

This therapy is performed after surgery and involves making a vaccine out of the tumor tissue that was removed. The tumor tissue is broken down into proteins and given as injections to train the immune system to attack any leftover tumor cells. In one study with dogs, the median survival of patients with surgery alone was 426 days and this increased to 870 days when immunotherapy was added after surgery.