August 5, 2014

With spot-on preventives, there is the possibility that certain individuals will have adverse local reactions to one or more ingredients in the product.

October 13, 2021

Allergic conjunctivitis is most commonly treated with eyedrops or ointments containing corticosteroids,

December 15, 2023

We get hay fever; dogs get itchy skin. This condition is usually seasonal - but not always - and many treatments are available. Find out the causes and what you can do to relieve your pet's discomfort.

July 22, 2022

If your cat needs to open its mouth to breathe or if its abdomen moves excessively as it breathes (and it is not purring), then it may be suffering from feline asthma. Asthma is a recurring respiratory compromise that occurs when the lung airways constrict either spontaneously or in response to stimuli that normally should not cause a reaction.

September 19, 2024

You or someone you know may have allergies, but did you know your cat can too? Many conditions besides allergies can cause your cat to be itchy.

November 25, 2023

When the fluid filling the chest is lymph, the problem is called chylothorax. The fluid is milky when it is drained from the chest, and its whiteness comes being from fat. Chylothorax represents a specific problem and requires specific therapy.

February 5, 2020

Dust mites feed off of skin scales and dander shed by humans and animals. Mites love bedding, carpeting, and anywhere they can find a hiding place with the likelihood of skin dander being present. Dust mites also require a relatively high humidity in the home to truly thrive.

October 10, 2024

FIV is a virus that causes AIDS in cats; however, there is a long asymptomatic period before AIDS occurs and our job is to prolong this asymptomatic period.

August 26, 2023

Have an itchy pet all year round? Maybe there is a food allergy. Just changing to a new diet probably won't be enough. Find out what to do here and see if your pet fits the profile for this condition.

January 31, 2023

We depend on red blood cells to bring oxygen to our tissues and carry waste gases away. Without enough red blood cells we die. We can lose blood cells from bleeding, but sometimes our immune system gets confused and destroys them by mistake. What can we do when this happens?

September 1, 2024

Platelets can be mistaken by the immune system as invaders. When this happens, antibodies coat the platelets and the spleen's phagocytes remove them in numbers up to 10 times greater than the normal platelet removal rate.

May 17, 2023

Most people know someone who gets periodic "allergy shots" for airborne allergies. What this means is that an individually-made serum is created using small amounts of allergens (proteins against which the person reacts). It works for dogs and cats, too.

June 21, 2021

Is it possible to relieve a pet's itchy skin without the use of cortisone derivatives? Yes, it is.

July 15, 2024

Coping with an itchy pet can be an extremely frustrating experience for you, the pet owner, and can truly test the limits of the human-animal bond. Persistent scratching and grooming by a cat can also result in more skin damage and even cause open wounds.

March 15, 2022

Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is a type of autoimmune disease of the skin. Although an uncommon skin disease in dogs and cats, any breed of dog or cat can develop PF. Your pet’s veterinarian will need to take skin samples to diagnose PF. Treatment might include corticosteroids and other medications.

December 16, 2023

There has never been a class of drug that has more application in disease treatment than the glucocorticoid class. Indeed, this group is rivaled only by antibiotics in lives saved. But side effects from the glucocorticoid group are numerous and can be classified into those seen with short-term use and those seen in long-term use.

October 16, 2024

Immunization represents stimulation of the immune system, an inherently inflammatory process. Vaccination reactions severe enough to produce shock are extremely rare and are a function of an individual pet's immune response.

January 20, 2021

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an extreme complication of numerous already life-threatening conditions leading to the deregulation of the body's natural mechanisms of blood clotting and blood clot dissolving.

January 25, 2023

FATE is a serious and painful condition with serious implications. It comes on suddenly and appears to paralyze the cat, causing one or both rear legs to become useless and even noticeably cold. The cat will hyperventilate and cry out with extreme pain. Despite the extreme presentation, the cat may be able to recover from the episode but it is important to understand how it came to be in order to make decisions.

April 1, 2023

We all know fleas are a nuisance and can lead to itching and dermatitis, but did you know a heavy flea infestation can be life threatening? The owners of most victims were not aware of the problem. Read more about this condition and who is most at risk.

January 31, 2023

We depend on red blood cells to bring oxygen to our tissues and carry waste gases away. Without enough red blood cells we die. We can lose blood cells from bleeding, but sometimes our immune system gets confused and destroys them by mistake. What can we do when this happens?

April 13, 2020

Multiple myeloma is rare in cats and dogs, but cure is rare

October 30, 2007

Myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells. Plasma cells that become cancerous are known as myeloma cells.

May 28, 2013

Neonatal isoerythrolysis, or NI, is a rare immune-mediated disease that is caused when newborn kittens with type A blood drink colostrum from a mother with type B blood.

June 17, 2023

The problem results when a type B mother cat is bred to a type A tomcat. The type B mother has a uterus full of type A kittens. The feline placenta does not allow antibodies to cross over and this is what is life-saving for the kittens, presuming the humans involved know what to do next. The litter develops normally and is born normally. It is with nursing that disaster strikes.

February 14, 2023

There are three important ways in which the kidney patient loses red blood cells. The first way is bone marrow suppression. The second way is bleeding. The third way is called hemodilution. Maintaining a stable red blood cell quantity keeps the patient energetic and spirited and is crucial to staying alive.

May 24, 2021

If your pet has a condition called thrombocytopenia, his platelet count is low. When the platelet count is low, it is harder for clotting to occur.

October 3, 2017

But it still seems to shock people to learn that dogs, cats, rabbits, rats and a host of other domestic species can get breast cancer, too. Since the aim of Breast Cancer Awareness Month is to raise awareness, our aim here is to wave the flag for those who can’t speak for themselves and raise awareness of mammary cancer in companion animals. We also want people to know that breast cancer and mammary gland cancer are the same disease; it’s just called by a different name in other species.

March 9, 2015

Cancer cells go mad systematically. The cellular delinquents bust past the body's natural immune system, as though a gate was left open, burgeoning into abnormal cells.

June 28, 2016

These drugs are typically used to treat lymphoma.

September 22, 2020

The disease is complex and there are several forms of it, without veterinary consensus on how to treat an individual cat.

April 28, 2020

Hemangiosarcoma has three classic locations: skin and subcutaneous forms, splenic forms, and heart-based forms. With the exception of the skin form, which can often be eliminated by surgery, a diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma is bad news.

October 16, 2024

Fibrosarcomas have been recognized for a very long time as difficult, deeply rooted tumors of cats. What has only recently been recognized is the potential for vaccination to lead to the formation of these tumors.

November 30, 2023

Unfortunately, most insulinomas in dogs and cats are malignant. This is bad news but the good news is that regardless of this fact, surgery is still helpful as the bulk of the tumor (if not all of it) can be removed.

October 18, 2023

After blood testing and medical imaging has led to a diagnosis of liver tumor, many questions must be answered in order to make proper choices.

October 28, 2020

Some lung tumors are benign, and some are not

September 16, 2023

This form of cancer, also called lymphosarcoma, is the most common malignancy of dogs, cats, and humans. A plentitude of information is available, information that is necessary in order to make intelligent decisions about an affected pet.

August 20, 2024

Lymphoma accounts for one third of all cancers developed by cats. When the mediastinal lymph nodes become infiltrated with lymphoma, a mass is apparent in the mediastinum and a cancerous fluid fills the chest, restricting breathing. The fluid can be tapped but it will be back without treatment.

April 20, 2023

There are three types of skin lymphoma: mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome, and pagetoid reticulosis.

June 7, 2024

While a good fur coat generally protects our pets from sun-induced malignant melanoma, a melanoma diagnosis is still just as serious and potentially deadly in our pets as it is for people.

May 18, 2023

In dogs, there is an 87% chance that a thyroid growth is malignant. Cats with thyroid carcinomas are usually hyperthyroid.

July 10, 2024

In cats with mammary tumors, approximately 90% are malignant with rapid spread to adjacent glands and the nearest set of lymph nodes.

April 20, 2023

Most mast cell tumors arise in the skin but technically they can arise anywhere that mast cells are found. Mast cell tumors are notoriously invasive and difficult to treat.

April 15, 2024

Meningioma is the most common brain tumor of cats and dogs. Meningiomas are generally benign. In dogs, seizures are the most common sign. In cats, signs are more vague and consist of listlessness and behavior changes.

April 13, 2020

Multiple myeloma is rare in cats and dogs, but cure is rare

October 30, 2007

Myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells. Plasma cells that become cancerous are known as myeloma cells.

May 9, 2024

The oral squamous cell carcinoma does not spread as you normally think of a cancer spreading, but it is so locally invasive that it carries a poor prognosis. The only hope of good survival comes from early detection. Learn what to look for and what important risk factors are.

October 7, 2023

The squamous cell carcinoma is not only the most common oral malignancy in cats, it has one of the poorest outcomes.

November 30, 2022

When squamous cell carcinoma occurs in the mouth and throat, it's called oral squamous cell carcinoma. In these oral cases, the lesion is usually located on the gums or tonsils.

February 22, 2023

The transitional cell carcinoma is a particularly unpleasant tumor of the urinary bladder that usually grows in the lower neck of the bladder, causing a partial or complete obstruction to urination. Bloody urine and straining to urinate are typically the signs noted by the owner.

May 17, 2018

Atrial fibrillation (sometimes called "A fib") is an arrhythmia, an irregularity of the heart's rhythm.

September 7, 2011

Cardiomyopathy means heart muscle disease.

April 6, 2018

In congestive heart failure, fluid is retained in specific parts of the body, depending on the side of the heart that is diseased.

March 6, 2023

Vasculitis is an inflammatory process of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, or capillaries).

September 15, 2020

Diaphragmatic hernias result from abdominal organs (e.g. liver, stomach, intestines) being pushed through a hole in the diaphragm

January 22, 2024

The only common link to diet-associated cardiomyopathy that's been observed is "grain-free" diets.

October 31, 2023

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most common acquired heart diseases in dogs. DCM is a disease of the heart muscle.

January 25, 2023

FATE is a serious and painful condition with serious implications. It comes on suddenly and appears to paralyze the cat, causing one or both rear legs to become useless and even noticeably cold. The cat will hyperventilate and cry out with extreme pain. Despite the extreme presentation, the cat may be able to recover from the episode but it is important to understand how it came to be in order to make decisions.

January 1, 2023

A heart murmur is one of several types of abnormal sounds your veterinarian can hear when listening to your pet's heart with a stethoscope. The murmur itself is not treated; the underlying cause of the murmur may or may not be treated.

April 20, 2023

Do cats get heartworm? The answer to this question is an unequivocal yes but the situation is vastly different from the canine situation. It is important to understand the differences and understand why feline infection is so rare.

September 1, 2024

High blood pressure is an extremely important concern in human medicine. High stress lifestyle, smoking, and high salt diet all contribute to this potentially dangerous condition and virtually everyone in the U.S. knows how serious it can be. But what about our pets? They don't smoke or worry about the mortgage and they don't deposit cholesterol in their blood vessels. They do, however, get high blood pressure, especially in age and here is what you probably should know.

August 2, 2018

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common acquired heart diseases in cats but is rare in dogs.

November 4, 2008

Just like people, some pets need a pacemaker to keep their hearts ticking.

June 26, 2019

Sometimes the ductus arteriosus fails to close in a newborn. It remains open, or patent, usually because the muscles in the ductus failed to form properly.

June 22, 2018

The hepatic portal system consists of numerous veins, but sometimes these systems can go awry. The portal vein is the big one into the liver, where the smaller veins converge before entering the liver.

October 2, 2024

Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is high blood pressure in the arteries leading in and out of your pet's lungs. If the high blood pressure becomes too severe, it can cause disease and failure of the right side of the heart.

January 24, 2018

For pets with congestive heart failure, it is important to check the response to medication by measuring the respiratory rate at home.

September 27, 2023

Most of us know that stroke involves some kind of blood clot lodging or forming somewhere and plugging an important blood vessel, preventing an important area from receiving circulation.

July 29, 2022

An echocardiogram is a type of ultrasound that looks closely at the heart as well as inside and around it

June 21, 2016

Halitosis, also called bad breath, is as an offensive odor emanating from the oral cavity. Bad breath is a common presenting pet odor complaint. Causes may be commonly be related to the mouth or rarely related to other health problems.

June 21, 2016

It is easy to recognize if your cat has a broken leg, but how about a broken tooth? You would think pets would stop eating when they had oral problems. Unfortunately, this is not usually the case. By the time most owners recognize oral disease in their pets, the problem is chronic and progressive.

October 23, 2019

December 18, 2014

If you see any of these clinical signs, take your pet to your veterinarian for a complete oral examination.

June 21, 2016

Root canals, dental x-rays, orthodontics, crowns, caps, implants, and periodontal surgery for pets? You must be kidding? Not at all. Dental procedures are routinely performed in veterinary practices daily. How does a loving pet owner know if dental care is needed and where can a pet owner go for advanced dental care.

March 28, 2019

Feline dental pathology and care are perhaps the most overlooked and under-treated areas in small animal medicine.

November 9, 2024

Fracture teeth can range in severity and be quite painful for your pet. 

June 17, 2016

FGS is a severe oral disease that affects some cats where the body becomes allergic to plaque around the teeth.

June 21, 2016

Some dogs and cats develop growths in their mouths. Similar to humans, these growths may be benign or malignant. Once a mass is noticed, analysis must be made to determine the cause of the growth.

June 21, 2016

Just as you would want to cure a painful skin condition or sore joint in your pet, you should also consider relieving pain in your pet's mouth. When an oral problem is caused by poorly aligned teeth, orthodontic treatment may be needed.

June 22, 2016

Periodontal disease is inflammation of some or all of a tooth's support. When compared to gingivitis, periodontitis indicates bone loss. If left untreated, periodontitis may cause loose painful teeth as well as internal disease. Periodontal disease is caused by plaque (bacteria).

June 3, 2023

Expect an affected cat to require teeth cleaning under general anesthesia at least every 6 months. If medical management fails, all teeth need to be removed.

February 15, 2024

May 5, 2020

When deciduous (baby) teeth don't fall out to make way for the permanent teeth, they are called retained deciduous teeth. Retained deciduous teeth should be extracted surgically soon after they are discovered because they will cause dental problems (overcrowding in the mouth, plaque buildup, malocclusion, etc.).

March 31, 2020

June 21, 2016

Cats can be affected by inflammation of the entire mouth called stomatitis or lymphocytic plasmacytic syndrome (LPS).

August 8, 2022

A common feline oral malady is the feline oral resorptive lesion (FORL).

June 21, 2016

Why should I brush my dog's or cat's teeth?

August 5, 2014

With spot-on preventives, there is the possibility that certain individuals will have adverse local reactions to one or more ingredients in the product.

December 20, 2019

Cat and dog breed-related skin diseases are listed.

August 13, 2023

A burn is any injury of tissue caused by heat, flame, chemicals, or electricity. Burn classification determines the severity of the wound based on the depth of the tissue injury.

July 19, 2023

Cellulitis is a painful inflammation of the tissue under the skin. In animals, it is generally caused by a bacterial infection that has entered the skin from a cut, open wound, or broken skin from an animal bite.

August 16, 2023

Injury to tissue caused by contact with harmful chemicals such as lye, acids, and strong cleaning supplies.

September 22, 2020

The disease is complex and there are several forms of it, without veterinary consensus on how to treat an individual cat.

March 6, 2023

Vasculitis is an inflammatory process of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, or capillaries).

February 18, 2020

Treatment (removal of the larva) is one of the simplest things in veterinary medicine; your veterinarian will probe and enlarge the breathing hole, grasp the parasite with forceps, and just pull the invader out.

May 14, 2021

Demodectic mange in dogs is extremely common, especially in puppies. Demodicosis in cats is much more unusual.

September 20, 2023

Feline allergic skin disease can take some highly ulcerative forms, especially involving the upper lip. Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex is a hard condition to explain, especially since it has several forms, but we will give it a try.

January 4, 2023

November 21, 2019

The comparison charts - one for dogs, one for cats - allows side-by-side glimpse of available products so you can determine what is best for your pets.

January 17, 2019

For some pets, fleas are just an annoyance. But when a pet is allergic to fleas or has other types of allergic skin disease, the need to control fleas is more critical.

April 12, 2017

Fleas are not just a nuisance; they can kill, cause serious skin disease, and transmit infections and parasites.

December 27, 2023

Got a cat with a large balding spot? Wondering why the fur is falling out? Chances are excellent that the fur is not falling out at all; it is being licked off instead. Is the cat anxious? Obsessive? Maybe, but it is likely that the cat is just plain itchy. There is generally a medical approach to this problem.

April 28, 2021

Hemangiomas are a type of benign tumor of the blood vessels or skin

November 12, 2024

Hot spots are weepy, wet, red and sometimes bloody when they are fresh, and dry and scabby when they are resolving.

July 7, 2016

A hot spot is a superficial skin infection that results when the normal skin bacteria overrun the skin's defenses as a result of damage to the skin surface.

June 21, 2021

Is it possible to relieve a pet's itchy skin without the use of cortisone derivatives? Yes, it is.

July 15, 2024

Coping with an itchy pet can be an extremely frustrating experience for you, the pet owner, and can truly test the limits of the human-animal bond. Persistent scratching and grooming by a cat can also result in more skin damage and even cause open wounds.

November 9, 2023

Oftentimes a lump turns out to be "just a lipoma" or simply a fatty tumor and nothing to worry about.

June 7, 2024

While a good fur coat generally protects our pets from sun-induced malignant melanoma, a melanoma diagnosis is still just as serious and potentially deadly in our pets as it is for people.

January 10, 2023

Dogs get sarcoptic mange but what do cats get? It turns out they have their very own mange mite: Notoedres cati. Notoedric mange is a rarity worldwide and many veterinary dermatologists never see a single case in their entire careers.

March 15, 2022

Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is a type of autoimmune disease of the skin. Although an uncommon skin disease in dogs and cats, any breed of dog or cat can develop PF. Your pet’s veterinarian will need to take skin samples to diagnose PF. Treatment might include corticosteroids and other medications.

November 18, 2024

Easy to recognize but not as easy to understand, this condition is often called pillow foot in cats for reasons that are obvious. This condition is described as rare. Most cats do not require treatment.

February 9, 2024

Psychogenic alopecia, also known as self-trauma, is a condition in which cats compulsively pull out their hair, leading to thin, uneven coats or baldness.

July 31, 2018

Pyoderma is caused by bacterial infection of the skin. The causative organism is almost always Staphylococcus. Bacteria will not usually cause disease on normal skin, but other underlying skin diseases cause some changes in the skin surface making it susceptible to infection, leading to pyoderma.

November 3, 2015

Infected dogs and cats will shed fur containing dermatophyte fungal spores into the home environment. This fur can re-infect dogs and cats and make it difficult to treat the dermatophyte infection.

May 17, 2023

Ringworm is not a worm at all but a fungal infection of the skin. It is contagious to humans, too. This FAQ provides answers.

May 20, 2024

Ticks are skin parasites that feed on the blood of their hosts. Ticks like motion, warm temperatures from body heat, and the carbon dioxide exhaled by mammals, which is why they are attracted to such hosts as dogs, cats, rodents, rabbits, cattle, small mammals, etc. The bite itself is not usually painful, but the parasite can transmit diseases and cause tick paralysis.

November 8, 2016

Applying shampoos, rinses, ointments or wipes to your pet's skin can be important when managing your pet's skin condition.

February 5, 2024

Itching, or pruritus, is the most common symptom of skin disease in pets. Many conditions can cause a pet to itch, including allergies, fleas, and other skin parasites.

November 4, 2023

Wear and tear on the body is sure to create wounds, some mild, some surgical, and some severe and traumatic. The body is designed to heal damaged tissue regardless of what caused the initial injury and we can help this process by using proper wound disinfection, tissue protection, and trimming.

July 10, 2018

Many wounds will require pain control and sedation or general anesthesia for cleaning and closure once your pet has been evaluated by a veterinarian.

May 4, 2023

July 27, 2021

There are about as many diet options for your pet as there are for you, so which one is best? Breed, age, weight, allergies, medical conditions, and finances are some of the contributing factors that need to be considered when choosing an alternative diet.

June 3, 2024

Loss of appetite is one of the most important criteria in determining if a pet is significantly ill or just having a minor malady. When the veterinarian says the pet has anorexia, it means the pet is not eating.

December 16, 2023

Bacterial diarrheas are generally a nuisance for the adult animal but can be lethal to a small puppy, kitten, or even a human baby. Most of these problems stem from contaminated food or fecal contaminated environment. Raw food diets for pets dramatically increase the risk of human exposure.

November 1, 2023

The word cholangiohepatitis breaks down into "(bile), (vessel), hepat (liver) and (inflammation)." Putting this all together means inflammation of the liver and bile ducts. It is one of the four most common liver concerns in cats.

May 14, 2020

Cholangitis means inflammation of the biliary tree. Cholangiohepatitis means inflammation of the biliary tree and surrounding liver cells.

August 16, 2021

Coccidia are parasites that commonly infect young animals housed in groups. Coccidia causes a bloody diarrhea that can be severe enough to be life threatening for a small animal. It is a common infection.

February 28, 2024

Colitis means inflammation of the colon and that spells diarrhea - often with fresh blood or mucus - and straining and discomfort for the pet, as well as a mess to clean up.

January 31, 2023

Difficulty in passing stool can mean extra effort (constipation) or complete impossibility (obstipation). Management can be surgical or with medication, depending on severity. Find out the difference, and find out what Megacolon is, too, on this informative page.

September 15, 2020

Diaphragmatic hernias result from abdominal organs (e.g. liver, stomach, intestines) being pushed through a hole in the diaphragm

August 16, 2023

Diarrhea is the frequent evacuation of watery stools. Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.

August 7, 2024

August 12, 2023

Giardia is the genus of a protozoan parasite that is infectious to both humans and pets all over the world. Diarrhea can precede the shedding of the Giardia. Infection is more common in kennel situations where animals are housed in groups.

April 7, 2014

If a cat is throwing up hairballs, there is more going on than most owners realize.

September 19, 2024

This bacterium is not new but focus on it by both the veterinary and human medical community certainly is. The role of Helicobacter in stomach ulcer formation is now well recognized. If you have a pet with chronic nausea, you may want to be familiar with this infection.

May 3, 2021

It is a neurological condition that can occur in pets that already have liver disease

August 26, 2023

The liver failure cat is jaundiced, inappetent, frequently nauseated, and generally an obviously ill animal.

April 12, 2021

The primary disease that caused the problem also needs to be addressed

June 13, 2016

Chronic intestinal disease in cats can involve appetite loss, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, vomiting, weight loss and debilitation. The intestinal tract does not lend itself to blood test evaluation so where do you go if intestinal disease is likely? Infiltration of the bowel by lymphocytes is a typical feature of the most common causes of chronic intestinal disease in cats.

March 25, 2023

Does your pet seem to have chronic vomiting or diarrhea? Those can be signs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

March 7, 2023

Irritable bowel syndrome is a psychosomatic disease. This means that it is the activity of the mind that causes the symptoms. Most people do not have difficulty imagining having so much anxiety that diarrhea results. Chronic anxiety can similarly result in chronic diarrhea. This is basically what irritable bowel syndrome is all about.

June 9, 2024

Pets, especially younger ones, have the unfortunate tendency to eat things they shouldn't and we aren't talking about food. Toys, socks, rocks and other materials find their way into pet stomachs but when the foreign body is a string, the consequences are especially dire.

October 18, 2023

After blood testing and medical imaging has led to a diagnosis of liver tumor, many questions must be answered in order to make proper choices.

July 17, 2024

Many people have heard of the pancreas but are not sure what it does, where it is, or what a disaster it can be when it gets inflamed.

March 31, 2021

A portosystemic shunt happens when a pet's venous blood from the intestine bypasses the liver. The pet can be born with the shunt or can get it later.

October 9, 2024

If your pet has a rectal prolapse, you may have noticed that recently he's been spending a lot of time trying to poop

April 6, 2020

Straining is a frequent and sometimes exaggerated effort to have a bowel movement or to urinate.

October 9, 2024

July 6, 2010

An umbilical hernia is a condition in which abdominal contents (fat, intestines, etc.) protrude past the abdominal wall at the location where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus.

May 8, 2020

Did you know the most common cause of recurrent ear infections is allergic skin disease? What do you do to keep the ear scratching and head shaking from becoming chronic?

July 10, 2024

This annoying parasite is a common source of ear infections, especially in cats and kittens. Where do they come from? How do you get rid of them?

August 4, 2020

Malassezia ear infection is common in dogs, but cats can also be infected

December 5, 2023

Otitis externa is an inflammation or infection of the external ear canal. Bacteria, yeast, ear mites, and allergies can all cause it. Addressing this problem involves four steps.

October 10, 2024

In a TECA, all the diseased tissue including the entire ear canal, bones of the middle ear, etc., are simply removed and the healthy tissue around the ear is closed. This ends what has generally been a long tribulation of pain, odor, ear cleaning, and expensive veterinary medications and rechecks.

August 26, 2024

Most people think their pet has had a stroke, but in fact a problem with the vestibular apparatus is to blame. The vestibular apparatus is the neurological equipment responsible for perceiving one's body's orientation relative to the earth (determining if you are upside-down, standing up straight, falling etc.).

January 24, 2024

Excess thirst, excess urination, excess appetite, poor hair coat and a pot-bellied appearance. This is a classical disease for which lots of information is available. We have attempted to include an explanation of this complicated problem and all the latest information.

April 24, 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease involving the body's handling of sugar. Learn about some of the basics of this common hormone problem of dogs and cats.

November 4, 2023

It is now well known that optimal dietary management for diabetic cats consists of a high protein / low carbohydrate diet, a completely different strategy than what is recommended for diabetic dogs.

January 23, 2023

Ketoacidosis is one of the most extreme complications of diabetes mellitus that can be experienced. Unfortunately, most cases of ketoacidosis are in patients who were not previously known to be diabetic so the owner and pet must deal with two serious diagnoses at the same time.

March 6, 2024

A new commercial diet created for hyperthyroid cats is now available at your veterinarian's clinic. Where this diet fits in this picture and whether it should replace traditional therapy or be considered an acceptable last resort remain to be seen over time.

September 11, 2024

Generally a high digestibility diet is the best choice for an EPI patient. These foods are low in fiber and fat and may be especially helpful for patients with trouble gaining weight. Many animals simply use enzymes mixed with their regular food.

October 4, 2022

June 12, 2024

The goal in long-term management of diabetes mellitus is the alleviation of unpleasant clinical signs (constant thirst, weight loss etc.) and prevention of dangerous secondary conditions (infections, ketoacidosis, etc.). To accomplish this, blood sugar levels should be regulated between 250 mg/dl and 80 mg/dl. This is not as good as the body's natural regulation but it is a fair and achievable goal in most cases.

November 24, 2014

Video and slides are provided for owners of diabetic cats who wish to learn how to conduct home tests that determine blood glucose (blood sugar) readings for their cat.

April 30, 2024

Elevated calcium starts with the bones. They receive an inappropriate message to mobilize their calcium. This message is either from excess parathyroid hormone or from high amounts of parathyroid hormone-related protein. When calcium is removed from the bones, all that is left is a fibrous scaffold, which is not really strong enough to support us. Our bones break, even fold.

July 5, 2016

Hyperlipidemia is a general term for disorders in which too many fat molecules (called lipids) circulate in the blood. The two most important lipids in pets are cholesterol and triglycerides.

August 15, 2024

The most common medication prescribed to treat feline hyperthyroidism is called methimazole (trade name Tapazole or Felimazole).

February 27, 2017

Three methods of treatment for feline hyperthyroidism are discussed.

February 18, 2021

Insulin is the injectable medication you use to control your diabetic cat's blood sugar. This beginner's guide will explain how to give your cat insulin injections.

November 13, 2024

Excess thirst, excess urination, excess appetite, poor hair coat and a pot-bellied appearance. This is a classical disease for which lots of information is available. We have attempted to include an explanation of this complicated problem and all the latest information.

October 7, 2023

Excess thirst, excess urination, excess appetite, poor hair coat and a pot-bellied appearance. This is a classical disease for which lots of information is available. We have attempted to include an explanation of this complicated problem and all the latest information.

May 18, 2023

In dogs, there is an 87% chance that a thyroid growth is malignant. Cats with thyroid carcinomas are usually hyperthyroid.

June 18, 2023

Monitoring is crucial to determining your pet's proper insulin dose. Much monitoring can be done at home; however, some tests simply must be done at the veterinarian's office.

March 6, 2024

Do you have an older cat who is losing weight despite having an excellent appetite? That is the hallmark sign of hyperthyroidism in cats.

February 10, 2024

Considering that the average hyperthyroid cat is a geriatric patient with special potential for high blood pressure and heart disease, quite a bit of patient preparation is necessary to reduce anesthetic risk.

November 6, 2024

Excess thirst, excess urination, excess appetite, poor hair coat and a pot-bellied appearance. This is a classical disease for which lots of information is available. We have attempted to include an explanation of this complicated problem and all the latest information.

September 5, 2023

This method of therapy is generally considered the safest and most effective method of treatment for feline hyperthyroidism.

October 13, 2021

Allergic conjunctivitis is most commonly treated with eyedrops or ointments containing corticosteroids,

August 27, 2021

Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, a tissue that makes up part of the eye and eyelid. Conjunctivitis is common in cats and can be a result of infection or injury.

December 16, 2023

Cataracts are an important cause of blindness in the dog. Through special surgery, it may be possible to restore vision. Would you recognize a cataract if you saw one in your cat or dog?

September 8, 2020

Abnormalities in eye structures may lead to blindness

August 16, 2023

Injury to tissue caused by contact with harmful chemicals such as lye, acids, and strong cleaning supplies.

December 24, 2024

A scratch or scrape on the eye is extremely painful, causing squinting, redness and excess tears. What do you need to know about taking care of a pet with this condition? Read about the diagnosis and treatment of corneal ulcers and erosions.

November 6, 2024

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or KCS, is a fancy way of saying the eye is dry. There are many causes of dry eye, but the most common one appears to be immune mediated destruction of the tear-producing gland tissue.

July 10, 2018

Seek veterinary attention immediately as signs can indicate potentially serious eye problems that can risk your pet's vision.

October 7, 2024

Enucleation means removal of the eye. What are the common reasons this procedure may be necessary, what can you expect after surgery, and what complications are possible?

September 26, 2018

Glaucoma is an eye disease that can cause significant pain and lead to blindness.

January 28, 2020

September 16, 2023

Conjunctivitis in cats is usually of viral origin and usually that means a Herpesvirus. Herpesvirus grow in the tissues of the body that interface with the environment, such as the upper respiratory tissues and conjunctivae.

July 16, 2018

The iris coloboma, which is relatively uncommon, does not affect vision, nor does it progress to anything else.

September 26, 2018

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) describes a group of inherited degenerative disorders of the retina that occur commonly in dogs and rarely in cats. Dogs eventually become blind, but remain happy and otherwise healthy.

May 21, 2019

Uveitis is an inflammation of the dark tissues (uvea) of the eye

August 1, 2023

A localized accumulation of pus, usually caused by an infection introduced from an animal bite or other penetrating wound.

August 1, 2023

We use bandages for several reasons: to protect wounds from the environment, protect the environment from wounds, and to discourage the pet from licking or irritating a wound.

August 1, 2023

Any insect sting or spider bite can cause problems for your pet.

August 2, 2023

Learn how to stop bleeding in an emergency.

August 13, 2023

Respiratory distress recognized by increased effort to breathe; noisy breathing; cyanosis (a bluish tinge to the lips and mucous membranes); inability to inhale or exhale.

August 13, 2023

A burn is any injury of tissue caused by heat, flame, chemicals, or electricity. Burn classification determines the severity of the wound based on the depth of the tissue injury.

August 16, 2023

CPCR (formerly referred to as CPR) is the treatment required to save an animal or human life when suffering cardiopulmonary arrest.

August 16, 2023

Injury to tissue caused by contact with harmful chemicals such as lye, acids, and strong cleaning supplies.

March 21, 2023

Choking is interference with breathing caused by foreign material in, or compression on, the trachea (windpipe).

June 19, 2023

Excess loss of water from the body or inappropriate intake of water into the body.

August 16, 2023

Diarrhea is the frequent evacuation of watery stools. Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.

August 21, 2023

If the contractions are frequent, regular, and strong, and no young is produced in 15 to 30 minutes, the pet should be taken to a veterinarian.

August 21, 2023

Suffocation caused by the filling of the lungs with water or other fluid. What to do?

August 21, 2023

It is imperative that you do not touch the pet until the electrical source has been turned off or moved. Electricity can flow through your pet and affect you as well.

July 10, 2018

Seek veterinary attention immediately as signs can indicate potentially serious eye problems that can risk your pet's vision.

August 28, 2024

Fainting and dizziness may be associated with anything from low blood sugar to severe heart disease.

August 28, 2024

Fever is the elevation of body temperature in response to infection or inflammation.

July 10, 2018

Fracture: a break or crack in a bone. Learn about the different types of fractures and what to do.

July 9, 2024

The elevation of body temperature above normal. It is sometimes indicative of a fever, but it can also be associated with severe conditions such as heat stroke or heat prostration.

November 15, 2024

When a pet's body temperature dips below 100.5 degrees, the pet is too cold and must be warmed.

November 15, 2024

Dogs frequently carry sticks in their mouths and suffer impalements when an end of the stick jams into the ground.

August 3, 2018

VeterinaryPartner.com has provided this complete reference book online for you to browse through, expanding your knowledge of Dog & Cat First Aid.

July 10, 2018

If the nose is bleeding profusely and/or the bleeding lasts more than 5 minutes, seek veterinary attention.

July 10, 2018

It is extremely important to immobilize the spine of a suddenly paralyzed pet before and during transportation.

March 26, 2020

To identify an illness or abnormal situation, you must first be able to recognize what is normal for your pet.

April 1, 2020

Try to get in touch with a veterinarian or a poison control center and follow their instructions. It is important to know which substances you should induce vomiting, and which ones you should not.

April 1, 2020

What can you do to prevent a crisis?

January 4, 2024

Seizure activity that lasts longer than 3 to 5 minutes can cause severe side effects, such as fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) or brain (cerebral edema). A dramatic rise in body temperature (hyperthermia) can also result, causing internal organ damage.

July 10, 2018

The term shock can mean different things to different people, and medical professionals still debate the true meaning of the word. Regardless of cause, shock is life-threatening and requires immediate attention and treatment.

July 10, 2018

When your pet is "struck" by a snake, it is best to assume it is a poisonous bite.

April 6, 2020

Straining is a frequent and sometimes exaggerated effort to have a bowel movement or to urinate.

June 19, 2023

Damage to the tissues caused by exposure to the sun's rays.

July 10, 2018

The first aid provider must not only identify and treat injury or illness, but must also safely transport the patient to the veterinary facility for treatment.

February 2, 2021

Wounds bigger than a small cut are almost always worse than they look

July 10, 2018

Many wounds will require pain control and sedation or general anesthesia for cleaning and closure once your pet has been evaluated by a veterinarian.

April 6, 2020

If you have questions, seek advice from a veterinarian.

September 7, 2022

At most clinics, a week doesn't go by without seeing a cat or two in this condition. Cats fight, bite, and get infected. What do you need to know?

April 8, 2014

Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease. Two forms of anaplasmosis are known: granulocytic anaplasmosis and infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia.A dog can have both infections at the same time

December 26, 2019

January 28, 2019

Antibiotics are useless against viruses and will not cure viral infections. Previously, people and pets with viruses were given preventive antibiotics to prevent secondary infections, but this approach is not favored anymore because of the bacteria's ability to develop antibiotic resistance.

April 20, 2020

August 27, 2021

Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, a tissue that makes up part of the eye and eyelid. Conjunctivitis is common in cats and can be a result of infection or injury.

December 16, 2023

Bacterial diarrheas are generally a nuisance for the adult animal but can be lethal to a small puppy, kitten, or even a human baby. Most of these problems stem from contaminated food or fecal contaminated environment. Raw food diets for pets dramatically increase the risk of human exposure.

August 29, 2023

Most people know very little about this infection other than it involves a fever spread by cat scratches. In fact, it involves infection by a bacterium called Bartonella henselae, which is spread by fleas.

November 20, 2019

Blastomycosis is a systemic fungal infection that affects dogs and cats. Blastomycosis appears in only certain geographic areas in North America, most often the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, Tennessee, and St. Lawrence River valleys. Infection with Blastomyces occurs when a cat or dog inhales the fungal spores into the lungs.

June 26, 2024

Some blood-tinged droplets sneezed on the floor might be the only sign or there might be a steady bloody drip from one or both nostrils. These findings are alarming as well as messy and we want to identify the cause and take care of it promptly. The problem is that there are many causes and not all of them are localized to the nose, and many are serious diseases.

November 9, 2017

The big SARS outbreak ended in 2003, but several smaller outbreaks were reported in 2004, and public health officials expected further outbreaks in the future. However, as of November, 2017, the WHO and the CDC both indicate that there have not been any more cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world.

July 19, 2023

Cellulitis is a painful inflammation of the tissue under the skin. In animals, it is generally caused by a bacterial infection that has entered the skin from a cut, open wound, or broken skin from an animal bite.

March 11, 2014

It is unclear if C. difficile can be transmitted from pets to people. The types of C. difficile found in pets are often the same as those found in people, including the epidemic strain ribotype 027/NAP1. So it makes sense that C. difficile could potentially be transmitted between people and animals, but there is still no conclusive proof.

August 16, 2021

Coccidia are parasites that commonly infect young animals housed in groups. Coccidia causes a bloody diarrhea that can be severe enough to be life threatening for a small animal. It is a common infection.

April 6, 2020

August 4, 2023

Cryptosporidium are similar to Coccidia and, until recent advances in molecular biology showed us otherwise, they were believed to be simply another species of Coccidia. They have some particularly unpleasant features.

August 3, 2023

Cytauxzoon felis is spread by tick bites. This condition has a very high mortality rate.

April 30, 2024

Feline distemper, caused by a parvovirus, is a life-threatening disease. The virus is considered ubiquitous, meaning it is in virtually every place that is not regularly disinfected. The infection is highly contagious among unvaccinated cats, usually kittens and young adult cats living in groups. Barn cats, feral colonies, animal shelter groups, pet stores, and rescue facilities are high risk for outbreaks.

October 10, 2024

FIV is a virus that causes AIDS in cats; however, there is a long asymptomatic period before AIDS occurs and our job is to prolong this asymptomatic period.

October 15, 2024

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a deadly infection in cats that is caused by the FIP virus. The disease occurs most commonly in young cats, although it can infect older cats too.

August 22, 2023

Feline leukemia virus, a retrovirus, is a common infection of cats. It is the cause of more cat deaths, directly or indirectly, than any other organism and is widespread in the cat population.

April 1, 2023

We all know fleas are a nuisance and can lead to itching and dermatitis, but did you know a heavy flea infestation can be life threatening? The owners of most victims were not aware of the problem. Read more about this condition and who is most at risk.

October 31, 2023

Fleas are the most common external parasite of companion animals. Flea allergy dermatitis is the most common skin disease of dogs and cats! In order to help select the most appropriate products to achieve a flea-free existence for an allergic pet, learn about the life cycle of the flea.

August 12, 2023

Giardia is the genus of a protozoan parasite that is infectious to both humans and pets all over the world. Diarrhea can precede the shedding of the Giardia. Infection is more common in kennel situations where animals are housed in groups.

April 20, 2023

Do cats get heartworm? The answer to this question is an unequivocal yes but the situation is vastly different from the canine situation. It is important to understand the differences and understand why feline infection is so rare.

September 19, 2024

This bacterium is not new but focus on it by both the veterinary and human medical community certainly is. The role of Helicobacter in stomach ulcer formation is now well recognized. If you have a pet with chronic nausea, you may want to be familiar with this infection.

September 16, 2023

Conjunctivitis in cats is usually of viral origin and usually that means a Herpesvirus. Herpesvirus grow in the tissues of the body that interface with the environment, such as the upper respiratory tissues and conjunctivae.

May 24, 2021

Histoplasmosis is a dangerous disease caused by fungus

March 7, 2023

The adult hookworm lives in the small intestine of its host. It hangs on to the intestinal wall using its six sharp teeth and unlike other worms that just absorb the digested food through their skin as it passes by, the hookworm drinks its host's blood. Humans can get hookworms too.

October 14, 2022

You have probably heard the warnings given to pregnant women about the parasite toxoplasmosis, advising against cleaning litterboxes and the dangers of ingesting raw/undercooked meat or milk products. But should you be concerned about how this parasite affects your cat?

October 5, 2021

In hydrometra and mucometra, the fluid is sterile and there is no infection. Only pyometra is an infection

November 11, 2024

The infected cat's immune system is busy coating infected red blood cells with antibodies. Coated red blood cells are removed from the circulation by the spleen. This kills the organism, and the iron is harvested and recycled into new red blood cells. The problem is that so many red blood cells are being destroyed that the cat becomes anemic.

May 15, 2023

When lice are found, it is usually in the dogs that are living in or were obtained from filthy, crowded conditions.

August 4, 2020

Malassezia ear infection is common in dogs, but cats can also be infected

June 2, 2020

MRSA is the abbreviation for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

May 12, 2017

In dogs and cats, the most common conditions associated with MRSA tend to be skin infections, post-operative incisional infections and wound infections. The bacteria have also been isolated from the urinary tract, auditory canal, skin, eye and joints.

November 16, 2020

Physaloptera are rare but most common in the Midwestern U.S., particularly in pets with access to the outdoors

January 28, 2023

Pyothorax is one of those conditions where prognosis is reasonably good (assuming the patient is not too far gone at the time of presentation) as long as aggressive treatment is pursued. If one tries to go with inexpensive alternatives to proper treatment, a poor outcome is likely.

November 22, 2010

Pythiosis occurs in dogs and horses more often than in cats.

October 16, 2024

Descriptions of rabies go back thousands of years as rabies has classically been one of the most feared infections of all time. Rabies is a serious disease, but fortunately it can also be easily prevented in dogs and cats by proper vaccination.

November 3, 2015

Infected dogs and cats will shed fur containing dermatophyte fungal spores into the home environment. This fur can re-infect dogs and cats and make it difficult to treat the dermatophyte infection.

October 7, 2024

This common parasite can cause diarrhea and vomiting in cats and dogs, and some pet owners become very concerned when their pet expels a worm up to seven inches in length. Roundworms are also one of the few dog or cat parasites that can be dangerous when transmitted to humans.

January 18, 2023

We have generated some confusion regarding tapeworms not contracted from fleas. There actually is another tapeworm besides the common tapeworm whose segments might be seen on a pet's anal area or on their feces.

January 7, 2023

Noticing something like grains of rice that move, something that looks like sesame seeds in your pet's bedding? Where do tapeworms come from, how can you eliminate them, and why do they come back?

July 5, 2016

Tick paralysis is caused by neurotoxins secreted in saliva by certain species of female ticks. Death can occur in untreated dogs from paralysis of the respiratory muscles.

February 22, 2024

Kittens and cats living in groups have an assortment of infectious diseases to contend with. Tritrichomonas blagburni is yet another infectious organism yielding diarrhea in cats.

September 18, 2019

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July 3, 2024

Does your cat sneeze, have runny eyes, and a runny nose? A cold for a cat is usually just a nuisance as a cold usually is for one of us. Sometimes, though, an upper respiratory infection can be serious.

July 3, 2024

Does your cat sneeze, have runny eyes, and a runny nose? A cold for a cat is usually just a nuisance as a cold usually is for one of us. Sometimes, though, an upper respiratory infection can be serious.

October 26, 2022

Antibiotics can be literal life savers for your pet when prescribed and used for the kind of infection that responds to the medication. But when given for something where they are not appropriate — such as a virus — antibiotics can create a long-lasting problem of antibiotic resistance.

July 10, 2024

The whipworm of dogs is substantially smaller than the other worms (a mere 30-50 mm in length, about a half inch maximum). The "head" (or more accurately the digestive end of the worm) is skinny vs. its stout tail (or reproductive end) which gives the worm a whip shape, hence the name.

November 8, 2022

Ataxia is a symptom caused by some type of central nervous system problem in which the brain cannot correctly tell the body what to do. It is an inability to make normal, coordinated, voluntary movements.

November 2, 2022

The brachial plexus is the term for the bundle of nerves in the armpit. Injury or trauma such as an automobile accident, a bite, or a wound in this area can damage and tear nerves. 

October 29, 2024

A cat with this disease clearly has balance issues: he walks with his legs widely placed for fear of falling, and places his feet clumsily. He often leans against walls for support. Sitting still, he may look like a fairly normal cat but once focused, tremors begin getting more wobbly as concentration becomes more intense. Despite the obvious impairment, cats with this condition are happy, able to feed themselves and use a litter box, and are felt to have good life quality.

August 7, 2024

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is essentially the dog equivalent of Alzheimer's disease

May 3, 2021

It is a neurological condition that can occur in pets that already have liver disease

September 26, 2023

Slight squint, small pupil, raised third eyelid... it all looks pretty strange, as if something is wrong with the eye. In fact, it is not the eye itself that is the problem, but rather it is a nerve problem. Read more about this symptom and its causes.

April 10, 2024

This condition literally means "water head" and is more commonly referred to as water on the brain. The central nervous system is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid that is secreted by chambers inside the brain. When fluid builds up, there is no room in the brain for extra volume and disaster can result. This condition is particularly common in dome-headed puppies.

September 11, 2023

Hyperesthesia syndrome is felt to be a type of compulsive disorder, usually initiated when the cat is in conflict. The cat wants to perform one behavior but is prevented from doing so and ultimately in frustration performs another behavior. After a while, this second behavior, which frequently is grooming, is performed compulsively.

April 28, 2023

Feline Hyperesthesia syndrome (FHS) means “too much feeling”, hyperesthesia is the opposite of anesthesia which means a lack of feeling or no sensation at all.

May 16, 2023

Manx syndrome (sacrocaudal dysgenesis, sacrocaudal agenesis) is an array of problems involving the function of the hind legs, urinary bladder, and colon of a tailless cat. In affected cats, the spine and spinal cord are shortened because the last few vertebrae and spinal segments have not developed normally

July 22, 2022

Myasthenia gravis is a disease that interrupts the way nerves communicate with muscles. There is no treatment for the congenital form. The acquired form, which is an autoimmune disease, is treated medically with immunosuppressive agents.

October 18, 2013

People who experience neuropathic pain describe it as "a pins and needles sensation," tingling, burning, itching, numbness or cold, and sometimes feeling as if they had received a small electric shock. Grades of neuropathic pain that have been established in human medicine are definite, probable and possible. Pets cannot describe their pain to us but we believe it's likely to be like what people have.

July 10, 2018

It is extremely important to immobilize the spine of a suddenly paralyzed pet before and during transportation.

August 6, 2020

January 4, 2024

Seizure activity that lasts longer than 3 to 5 minutes can cause severe side effects, such as fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) or brain (cerebral edema). A dramatic rise in body temperature (hyperthermia) can also result, causing internal organ damage.

February 16, 2022

Serotonin syndrome is a serious drug reaction to medications that build up high levels of serotonin in the body. Serotonin syndrome can be a life-threatening situation, therefore if you think your pet is developing it, visit a veterinarian immediately. 

May 31, 2023

The spinal cord is surrounded and protected by a bony tube made up of a series of bones called vertebrae, linked together by intervertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles. This entire complex is referred to as the "spine.” Sometimes, abnormal growth and development of the spine happen before birth with both puppies and kittens, resulting in a spinal defect called Spina Bifida. 

July 5, 2016

Tick paralysis is caused by neurotoxins secreted in saliva by certain species of female ticks. Death can occur in untreated dogs from paralysis of the respiratory muscles.

June 6, 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a sudden event, such as a blow or fall, happens to the head. In both humans and animals, a head injury severe enough to damage the brain is referred to as traumatic brain injury or TBI.

September 27, 2023

Most of us know that stroke involves some kind of blood clot lodging or forming somewhere and plugging an important blood vessel, preventing an important area from receiving circulation.

August 26, 2024

Most people think their pet has had a stroke, but in fact a problem with the vestibular apparatus is to blame. The vestibular apparatus is the neurological equipment responsible for perceiving one's body's orientation relative to the earth (determining if you are upside-down, standing up straight, falling etc.).

June 26, 2024

Some blood-tinged droplets sneezed on the floor might be the only sign or there might be a steady bloody drip from one or both nostrils. These findings are alarming as well as messy and we want to identify the cause and take care of it promptly. The problem is that there are many causes and not all of them are localized to the nose, and many are serious diseases.

September 25, 2024

Naso-pharyngeal polyps are the most common masses that are seen in the external ear canal in cats. They are benign growths.

May 5, 2014

Rhinitis is the inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose. It can occur by itself or as part of an upper respiratory illness/infection.

August 3, 2023

In renal insufficiency, phosphorus is not anyone's friend. The failing kidney is no longer good at getting rid of excess phosphorus and phosphorus levels in the blood begin to rise.

November 4, 2023

It is now well known that optimal dietary management for diabetic cats consists of a high protein / low carbohydrate diet, a completely different strategy than what is recommended for diabetic dogs.

January 23, 2023

Ketoacidosis is one of the most extreme complications of diabetes mellitus that can be experienced. Unfortunately, most cases of ketoacidosis are in patients who were not previously known to be diabetic so the owner and pet must deal with two serious diagnoses at the same time.

January 22, 2024

The only common link to diet-associated cardiomyopathy that's been observed is "grain-free" diets.

August 26, 2023

Have an itchy pet all year round? Maybe there is a food allergy. Just changing to a new diet probably won't be enough. Find out what to do here and see if your pet fits the profile for this condition.

September 15, 2023

Neither VeterinaryPartner.com nor its parent, Veterinary Information Network, believes that a home cooked or raw diet is best for pets. However, many people would like to use home cooked or raw diets for their pets. We suggest that people wishing to feed one of these diets first consult with a veterinarian.

November 26, 2021

Calcium is such a crucial component of our biochemistry that virtually any complete blood panel, whether human or veterinary, will include a measurement of calcium. Our bodies go to tremendous lengths to regulate our blood calcium levels within a narrow range. We need a storage source to draw upon for when we need more circulating calcium as well as a system to unload excess.

October 11, 2019

Obesity has become an extremely important health problem in the Western world, not just for humans but for dogs and cats as well. Recent estimations suggest that up to 35% of dogs and cats in the U.S. suffer from obesity.

September 4, 2024

Obesity is a preventable and treatable disease

March 11, 2019

A letter from a veterinarian points out that amputation is far better than continued pain or euthanasia.

January 4, 2019

November 2, 2022

The brachial plexus is the term for the bundle of nerves in the armpit. Injury or trauma such as an automobile accident, a bite, or a wound in this area can damage and tear nerves. 

March 20, 2015

Diskospondylitis is a bacterial/fungal infection that can reach the intervertebral disks several ways.

July 10, 2018

Fracture: a break or crack in a bone. Learn about the different types of fractures and what to do.

November 15, 2024

If this article has caught your attention, it may be that your pet has had the misfortune of suffering a fractured bone. This is a traumatic experience for both you and your pet and there are a few things you should know to help both of you make the best of a bad situation!

January 31, 2023

A hemivertebra is a congenitally deformed vertebra. Hemivertebrae of the tail are not a problem as there is no spinal cord tissue that far down.

March 24, 2023

Hip dislocation is the common term for the separation of the femoral head from the pelvic acetabulum. In order for the hip to dislocate, trauma must be severe enough to break the capital ligament.

December 14, 2023

Arthritis pain causes discomfort and loss of mobility in aged pets, and there are numerous remedies on the market. Which ones can be combined? Which are proven reliable and which may only work in some individuals?

May 3, 2023

A pet does not have to be a senior citizen to require joint care supplements or physical therapy. Degenerative arthritis can result from an injury or can be the result of genetics and joint conformation.

October 12, 2023

Solensia™ is an injectable medication specifically designed to treat cats for discomfort from arthritis.

December 19, 2019

In dogs, spondylosis deformans occurs most often along lower back (lumbar) vertebrae. In cats, it tends to occur more often in the chest (thoracic) vertebrae.

August 3, 2023

Cats get their tails pulled or broken through an assortment of traumas. One might think a tail break would involve an obvious external wound but usually this is not the case; instead, nerve damage (from stretching of the cauda equina nerves) is the usual tip-off.

October 24, 2024

The cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) is a ligament in the back leg that stabilizes an animal’s knee. 

November 6, 2023

Cryptorchidism is a condition in which a male’s testicles have not descended (dropped) into the scrotum. Some cryptorchid animals are sterile and some are not.

December 17, 2024

August 30, 2022

The spayed female pet has no ovaries and should not display any signs of a heat cycle but what happens if she does anyway? Where might these hormones be coming from?

March 17, 2022

Paraphimosis is the inability to retract the penis, but it is not an erection. It is quite painful and thus medically urgent. Priapism is the inability to extend the penis beyond the sheath. Phimosis is rare, and is either congenital or acquired. Paraphimosis and phimosis are flip sides of the same coin, although they are not the same thing, nor are they treated the same way. 

January 8, 2022

Pyometra is the life-threatening infection of the uterus that generally occurs in middle-aged to older female dogs in the 6 weeks following heat. A uterus with pyometra swells dramatically and is filled with pus, bacteria, dying tissue, and toxins. Without treatment, the pet is expected to die.

March 6, 2015

The solution to over-production of cats is preventing successful winter mating season through timely sterilization.

August 13, 2023

Respiratory distress recognized by increased effort to breathe; noisy breathing; cyanosis (a bluish tinge to the lips and mucous membranes); inability to inhale or exhale.

November 25, 2023

When the fluid filling the chest is lymph, the problem is called chylothorax. The fluid is milky when it is drained from the chest, and its whiteness comes being from fat. Chylothorax represents a specific problem and requires specific therapy.

September 15, 2020

Diaphragmatic hernias result from abdominal organs (e.g. liver, stomach, intestines) being pushed through a hole in the diaphragm

March 31, 2014

An e-cig with a full cartridge can contain up to 36 mg of nicotine, which doesn't sound like a lot until you factor in how toxic nicotine is. For cats and small dogs, ingesting 20 mg of nicotine can be lethal.

February 7, 2024

Most people have heard the term pneumonia and know it is a lung infection of some sort. In fact, pneumonia is not a very specific term and essentially means "lung inflammation of some sort." Pneumonia is an inflammation in deep lung tissues where oxygen is absorbed into the body and waste gases are removed. It has potential to be life-threatening regardless of its cause.

March 3, 2020

Pneumothorax may result from chest trauma, excessive pressure on the lungs, or underlying lung disease (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.). In some cases, the cause is never discovered.

August 29, 2023

Pulmonic stenosis is the third most common congenital heart disease in dogs. It can be accompanied by additional heart defects to create a constellation of disaster or it can be mild enough to be no more than a surprising incidental finding.

September 28, 2024

Most calcium oxalate stones develop in cats between ages 5 and 14 years. 35% of cats with calcium oxalate bladder stones have elevated blood calcium (hypercalcemia). Burmese and Himalayan cats appear genetically predisposed to the development of calcium oxalate bladder stones.

December 25, 2023

While struvite bladder stones can sometimes be found incidentally while looking into another problem, most of the time they are found when the cat is showing signs of lower urinary tract disease.

December 15, 2023

Usually a surgery called cystotomy is necessary to remove bladder stones.

October 2, 2014

In advanced cases, where the urine flow has been stopped for more than 24 hours, cats can become systemically ill from retained toxins and start vomiting, or become very weak and lethargic. Death usually happens within 48 hours, and it's not a pleasant way to go.

November 6, 2023

Chronic kidney, or renal, failure is common among geriatric pets. As treatment frequently is long term, owners should understand their options. Topics discussed include definitions, medications used in treatment, diagnostics/helpful testing, and monitoring.

January 25, 2023

If your puppy has an ectopic ureter or even two, the only chance at resolving the incontinence is through surgery. This is expensive and often unsuccessful so it is important to know what you are getting into.

October 22, 2021

In glomerular disease, holes are punched out in the filtration system, allowing molecules that the body needs to keep entering the urine flow and be urinated away. Chronic inflammation leads to the holes in the filtration system.

October 31, 2024

Formerly known as FUS or FLUTD, feline idiopathic cystitis simply means bladder inflammation of unknown cause. It is a set of symptoms that cannot be classified as a disease.

August 24, 2023

Most every animal hospital can provide diuresis: a therapy where extra fluid beyond what the patient can drink is provided, thus giving the kidney its medium so that it can remove toxic waste. This works well but there comes a time when even with plenty of fluids, the sick kidney simply cannot get the toxins out. For most patients this is the end of the line. In fact, dialysis may be another choice, though it is substantially more expensive than diuresis and dialysis centers for pets are still few and far between.

June 19, 2024

To the uninitiated, the impression may be that once your cat or dog receives a new kidney, life is renewed and all the kidney problems are solved. In fact, this is hardly the case. Immune-suppressive medications are needed to prevent rejection of the new organ, not to mention infection and other issues. A kidney transplant is a big deal regardless of the species of the recipient.

June 19, 2023

Lithotripsy is a funny word for a minimally invasive alternative to urinary stone removal surgery.

May 13, 2023

Just about any inflammatory condition in the feline lower urinary tract creates the same collection of signs. Tumor, infection, bladder stone etc. all create the same clinical picture.

September 1, 2022

With polyuria (PU) the body makes more urine than normal, which in turn causes a condition called polydipsia (PD), which means your dog or cat is extra thirsty because they are trying to stay hydrated. What are the reasons for these conditions? 

March 3, 2020

Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney that frequently shows no symptoms and thus it is not usually recognized until the signs become severe. It may not be diagnosed until histopathology is done on the kidney after the pet's death.

December 6, 2023

Also known as Feline Interstitial Cystitis, Feline Idiopathic Cystitis, FIC. Cystitis may result from a bacterial infection or bladder stones. Dogs rarely get sterile cystitis, while it’s quite common among young to middle-aged cats.

April 6, 2020

Straining is a frequent and sometimes exaggerated effort to have a bowel movement or to urinate.

July 12, 2022

Every owner of a male cat should be familiar with this emergency condition. The recognition of straining to urinate is the key. Urine flow must be re-established by trained veterinary personnel to prevent death.

September 27, 2023

The urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common ailments in small animal practices.

August 30, 2022

Although nothing can replace the care from a feline mama, there are steps you can take to become an excellent foster parent until the kittens are ready to face the world.

August 21, 2023

If the contractions are frequent, regular, and strong, and no young is produced in 15 to 30 minutes, the pet should be taken to a veterinarian.

December 17, 2024

November 15, 2023

Too often a litter of kittens comes as an almost total surprise. One day you notice that the cute little girl kitten from last fall is a bit round in the middle only the very next spring. No one got around to spaying her and she seemed too young for - er - adult entertainment. What happens when cats give birth?

October 14, 2024

A responsible breeder is one who cares about their animals-and you as their potential family-more than their own profit. Here are some ideas on how to find a good one. 

June 17, 2023

The problem results when a type B mother cat is bred to a type A tomcat. The type B mother has a uterus full of type A kittens. The feline placenta does not allow antibodies to cross over and this is what is life-saving for the kittens, presuming the humans involved know what to do next. The litter develops normally and is born normally. It is with nursing that disaster strikes.

July 22, 2023

Spring is kitten season. If you have some unexpected additions to your family and are not sure what to do, orphan care is not that hard when you know what to do.

July 15, 2023

Unwanted pet pregnancy happens and some choices have to be made. Let's review your options: Have the babies, spay during pregnancy, or medical abortion.

March 6, 2015

The solution to over-production of cats is preventing successful winter mating season through timely sterilization.

August 9, 2023

Spaying your pet cat is also very important, not only to keep down pet overpopulation, but for your personal mental health, as well! It is also good for the cat... Here is a list of Frequently Asked Questions about this procedure.

April 1, 2021

Many colleagues and pet owners ask about the use of supplements in the treatment of behavioral issues. There is limited documented evidence on the use of these supplements, but to address this demand for information, here is what we know is being used and impressions from what experience and data are available.

November 16, 2016

There are few things in life more frustrating than dealing with a finicky cat. Cats can be incredibly 'set in their ways' when it comes to their dietary preferences. Cats, like children, often resist what is best for them. The transition process often involves much more than just plunking down a new food item. Time, patience, and tricks are often required.

September 15, 2023

Neither VeterinaryPartner.com nor its parent, Veterinary Information Network, believes that a home cooked or raw diet is best for pets. However, many people would like to use home cooked or raw diets for their pets. We suggest that people wishing to feed one of these diets first consult with a veterinarian.

June 15, 2024

Cats' overall health can be significantly improved with a high-protein canned food diet to help maintain good hydration.

October 11, 2019

Obesity has become an extremely important health problem in the Western world, not just for humans but for dogs and cats as well. Recent estimations suggest that up to 35% of dogs and cats in the U.S. suffer from obesity.

July 11, 2023

Cold water fish oils are an excellent source of DHA and EPA for pets.

February 27, 2014

While it is okay to share an occasional tidbit with your pet, learn which ones should not be shared at all.

February 17, 2021

December 27, 2024

While less common than urine marking, fecal marking behavior is normal and often serves as a way for cats to express themselves or send a message.

November 27, 2023

Some helpful ideas if your pet has an upcoming reason to be confined for an amount of time, such as a surgery.

May 20, 2024

Ticks are skin parasites that feed on the blood of their hosts. Ticks like motion, warm temperatures from body heat, and the carbon dioxide exhaled by mammals, which is why they are attracted to such hosts as dogs, cats, rodents, rabbits, cattle, small mammals, etc. The bite itself is not usually painful, but the parasite can transmit diseases and cause tick paralysis.

June 30, 2022

To treat fleas and ticks, the yard must be treated as well as your pets and home

December 9, 2024

Here are some tips for keeping your pets out of danger during the holiday season.

June 14, 2024

Choosing and maintaining the right litterbox setup to meet your cat's needs helps prevent house soiling and promotes healthy elimination behaviors from the start.

June 4, 2021

Here is some factual information about declawing, as well as some nonsurgical alternatives.

November 2, 2020

September 17, 2014

Sadly, some estimates of veterinary compliance are as low as 20% to 30%, which means many pets aren't healing as well as they could be, and money is being spent for little value.

July 15, 2023

A microchip can reunite you with a lost pet, serve as proof of ownership in a dispute, or even mean the difference between euthanasia and medical care in an emergency. A chip can be implanted in a matter of seconds while you wait.

November 17, 2021

October 15, 2021

November 25, 2024

This is probably the simplest surgical procedure your veterinarian will do. Click here to find out what exactly is done, how it helps, and what to expect about recovery.

July 7, 2022

Salmonella-contaminated pig ear treats are historically the main offender, but any animal-based treat that is not processed to kill pathogens (e.g. cooking, pasteurization, irradiation) is a concern.

August 15, 2016

Many cats know you are waiting to see the licking motions and will try to fool you. If the pill is still in the mouth when you check, just reach a finger in and tip the pill further back on the tongue or allow the cat to spit the pill out and begin again.

February 15, 2024

August 24, 2021

A cat's health changes with age. Physical and mental changes occur, just as they do with people. Most older cats sleep more than they did when young, and they usually sleep more deeply. They may not be able to jump quite as high. They may lose or gain weight, depending on their metabolism.

June 20, 2023

Sunscreen can and should be used on cats and dogs. Animals that have light-colored noses and thin, very short, or missing fur are most in need of protective sunscreen.

November 8, 2016

Applying shampoos, rinses, ointments or wipes to your pet's skin can be important when managing your pet's skin condition.

February 3, 2021

July 8, 2022

Vaccination is an important part of a pet's health and it should not be skipped over. If cost is a problem there are several approaches one may take but each has advantages and disadvantages.

February 16, 2021

Use of vaccine titers is increasing as they become more affordable and easier to measure

September 27, 2022

Each cat has their own preferences and it's a learning process for you to find out what they are

November 4, 2023

Wear and tear on the body is sure to create wounds, some mild, some surgical, and some severe and traumatic. The body is designed to heal damaged tissue regardless of what caused the initial injury and we can help this process by using proper wound disinfection, tissue protection, and trimming.

October 3, 2018

Thousands of cats and dogs needlessly suffer and many die each year by accidental ingestion of household poisons.

June 27, 2018

July 17, 2020

Unfortunately, if a pet swallows glue with MDI in it, such as Gorilla Glue, the warm and moist environment of the stomach causes the glue to foam and expand into a large mass that must be removed surgically.

February 20, 2020

The most common cause of lead poisoning in pets is ingestion of lead-based paint. Although lead-based paint is no longer available in the United States, it was used in buildings for many years.

April 1, 2020

Try to get in touch with a veterinarian or a poison control center and follow their instructions. It is important to know which substances you should induce vomiting, and which ones you should not.

November 8, 2023

The traditional anticoagulant rodenticides had an antidote in case of accidental poisoning, but there is no antidote to bromethalin, and bromethalin products are tasty to dogs and cats.

November 25, 2020

There are several types of rodenticides available. The traditional products are called anticoagulant rodenticides and are discussed here. If one intends to use a rodenticide we encourage you to choose this type over others as there is a readily available antidote for the anti-coagulant rodenticides. Other rodenticides are more toxic and no antidote is available.

March 25, 2020

Which common cleaning and disinfecting products can be problematic in our pets?

April 13, 2024

Cannabis generally refers to the products of the Cannabis sativa plant, commonly known as marijuana and has been safely used medically for centuries.

March 31, 2014

An e-cig with a full cartridge can contain up to 36 mg of nicotine, which doesn't sound like a lot until you factor in how toxic nicotine is. For cats and small dogs, ingesting 20 mg of nicotine can be lethal.

January 27, 2023

Everyone knows the Surgeon General's warning about cigarette smoking but what about cigarette eating? Nicotine poisoning is a real concern anywhere that a pet may find cigarettes, nicotine gums, nicotine patches, e-cigarette filter cartridges, e-liquid, or e-juice. Dogs, particularly puppies, tend to chew things up first and ask questions later.

May 27, 2021

The buildup of gas and rising dough in the stomach is painful and can lead to bloat

September 8, 2023

Ibuprofen is felt to be too toxic for safe use in pets at any dose but if a pet is lucky, exposure will not have reached the toxic dose but it may not take much given that the typical non-prescription pill contains 200 mg.

February 17, 2024

Now that pennies are made of zinc instead of copper, swallowing them can be harmful to your pet. Many veterinarians are unaware of this syndrome and do not realize that pennies are far more than a simple foreign body. This is a recently described disease and many questions are still unanswered.

January 12, 2021

If you did not witness your pet eating a mushroom, you will likely notice when they start feeling sick

October 3, 2018

17 plants that are poisonous to dogs or cats from the ASPCA Poison Control Center.

August 9, 2023

This is a collection of images linked to from the Safe Gardening page.

July 20, 2022

The garden shops and catalogs are full of gorgeous garden shrubs and flowers. They tell us how to water and how much sunshine is needed, but rarely do they tell us if the plant is pet safe.

July 10, 2018

When your pet is "struck" by a snake, it is best to assume it is a poisonous bite.

June 11, 2020

This list contains plants that have not been reported as having systemic effects on the animals or as having intense effects on the gastrointestinal tract.

January 22, 2021

Many love to take their dog on errands and fun adventures in the car. Some even take their cats. Some dogs and cats become anxious in the car with others refusing to enter the car at all. What can we do

November 9, 2020

Often, combinations of treatment methods are needed

June 5, 2023

December 7, 2022

Cats are social animals and enjoy interactions with the humans in their lives.

September 9, 2014

While Halloween isn't as noisy or frightening as the Fourth of July. for pets it's likely in second place as Scariest Holiday of the Year. Keeping your pets away from the frenetic parts of the celebration is in both your best interests.

December 2, 2020

February 9, 2024

Psychogenic alopecia, also known as self-trauma, is a condition in which cats compulsively pull out their hair, leading to thin, uneven coats or baldness.

March 22, 2011

Dogs and cats who survive disasters can suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder in the same way as their owners and for the same reasons.

February 28, 2019

Biting and mouthing may be normal for puppies and kittens, but continuing to bite into adulthood can lead to issues.

April 3, 2019

Territorial marking, also known as urine marking or spraying in cats, is the act of purposefully urinating in an area as a way of communicating.

February 23, 2021

They anticipate something bad happening, so the anxiety starts sooner and sooner.

November 27, 2023

Some helpful ideas if your pet has an upcoming reason to be confined for an amount of time, such as a surgery.

May 24, 2024

Food enrichment provides physical and behavioral wellbeing for the cat and enjoyment for the family.

April 5, 2022

One of the best things you can do to strengthen your relationship with your cat is to understand their body launguage. By understanding their language, we can improve our relationship with them and interpret relationships between cats within our home.

November 15, 2018

Often a cat's body language can be used to display multiple emotions. Thus, when trying to figure out your cat is saying, try to understand the context in which he is communicating.

February 17, 2021

September 24, 2020

December 27, 2024

While less common than urine marking, fecal marking behavior is normal and often serves as a way for cats to express themselves or send a message.

November 12, 2014

House-training problems - called inappropriate elimination - are the number one cause of behavior-related complaints from cat lovers - and with good reason.

February 24, 2024

Does your cat seem to forget where the real litter box is and instead use an imaginary litter box in the middle of the living room rug? This could be caused by medical or behavioral problems.

November 7, 2018

June 6, 2019

If you get upset or angry, your cat will likely get upset too. Remain calm.

February 1, 2022

June 23, 2022

Veterinary visits can be stressful for everyone. Low-Stress Handling® Principles of Handling provide an opportunity for you to help your veterinarian to perform a safer and more thorough physical exam.

December 19, 2018

Some cats interact really well with new babies and will continue their lives as if nothing has changed. For many cats, however, changes associated with a new baby in the house can be a difficult adjustment and may result in stress or anxiety.

October 17, 2024

When making holiday plans, do not forget about your pets.

June 2, 2021

Cats learn by association, so the sudden appearance of the carrier tends to signal that something scary is happening. Training cats to love their carriers is beneficial for many reasons. The key is to build and maintain a positive association with the carrier to make your cat’s visit to the veterinarian as low stress as possible.

October 7, 2024

Whether it is your dog grabbing food when your back is turned, or your cat walking across the table with dirty paws, this behavior needs to be nipped in the bud.

December 1, 2021

December 27, 2024

While less common than urine marking, fecal marking behavior is normal and often serves as a way for cats to express themselves or send a message.

February 5, 2019

Socialization is getting puppies and kittens used to people, other animals, and experiences that they will encounter frequently in their adult lives.

March 10, 2022

At some point, you and your cat will need to travel. You may feel stressed by the idea, but with a bit of effort and planning, cats can learn to cope with the trip. Preparing your cat beforehand can make the experience less stressful for both of you.